Characteristics of the water cycle of Jinan karst spring in northern China

Abstract Due to the multi-scale nature and complexity of flow field, it has always been difficult for hydrogeologists accurately grasp water cycle characteristics karst system. The inverse statistical model IsoSource were employed calculate spring age mixing ratio recharge sources four large groups in Jinan. hierarchical groundwater system was identified based on multiple factors. We found that ages Baotu Spring Heihu are about 6a–10a, those Wulongtan Pearl 30a–35a. main recognized as artificial water, Ordovician Cambrian Zhangxia Formation water. There distinct differences proportion groups. Three systems according factors, which local, intermediate, regional. Furthermore, different levels recharged proportions. research results provided new insights into analysis evolution